淘宝crea肌酐偏高是什么意思(creating)

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文章详情介绍:

医生常说的肌酐是什么?

 

肌酐(creatinine,Cre)不是“鸡肝”,而是肌肉在人体内代谢的产物,主要由肾滤过排出体外。

相信许多人并不清楚肌酐的意义。血中肌酐来自外源性和内源性两种,外源性肌酐是肉类食物在体内代谢后的产物;内源性肌酐是体内肌肉组织代谢的产物,测定血肌酐浓度一定程度可以反映肾的功能,是肾功能检查中的一个重要指标。

机体每20g肌肉每天代谢产生1mg肌酐,生产速率为1mg/分钟,每天肌酐生成量相当恒定。而在肌酐可从人体的血液中和尿液中检测到,所以有血肌酐和尿肌酐的区别。相关参考值如下:

血肌酐:正常人的血清肌酐

男:54-106μmoI/L

女:44-97μmol/L

小儿:24.9-69.7μmol/L

尿肌酐 :主要来自随尿液排出的肌酐。

8.4-13.25mmol/24小时尿或40mg/dl到130mg/dl是正常的。

1.临床上检测血肌酐是常用的了解肾功能的主要方法之一。

血清肌酐的浓度变化主要由肾的滤过能力来决定。滤过能力下降,则肌酐浓度升高。血肌酐值高出正常值多数意味肾脏受损,血肌酐能较准确的反映肾实质受损的情况,并非敏感指标。因为肾小球滤过率下降到正常人1/3时,血肌酐才明显上升。

意思就是说,因为人体肾脏代谢能力强,当肾脏损伤较轻时一般人不适感觉不明显,所以很多人当真正出现恶心、呕吐、头晕时,其实肾脏已经损伤严重,此时血肌酐也开始明显上升。

当血肌酐值高时说明患者的肾功能出现了问题,由于肾脏不断造成损伤,其排泄废物的功能有所降低,患者还会有高血压、高度浮肿等身体其他症状,可能会引发高钾血症、高尿酸血症、高脂血症、低蛋白血症、代谢性酸中毒等并发症。

但是单纯的血肌酐偏高还有可能是甲状腺功能亢进、肢端肥大症等。

2.肌酐经过肾脏过滤后随尿液排除即为尿肌酐。

正常人尿肌酐的日排出量相当稳定,成年男性日排出量为1.0~1.8g,女性为0.7~1.0g,而且不受食物蛋白质含量和尿量的影响。但是运动员的尿肌酐系数高于常人,尤其进行力量和速度项目训练的运动员肌肉发达,且尿肌酐的日排出量与运动强度相关。

尿液中肌酐增高可见于肢端肥大症、巨人症、糖尿病、感染、甲状腺功能减低、进食肉类、运动、摄入药物(如维生素C、左旋多巴、甲基多巴等)。

但是尿液中肌酐减低可见于急性或慢性肾功能不全、重度充血性心力衰竭、甲状腺功能亢进、贫血、肌营养不良、白血病、素食者,以及服用雄激素、噻嗪类药等。

 

打工人,社交要支棱起来

Business
Bartleby
Network effects

The modern economy depends on how well people connect with others
现代经济发展取决于人们与他人的关系

Success in manufacturing depends on physical things:
制造业的成功取决于物质因素

creating the best product using the best equipment with components assembled in the most efficient way.

使用最好的设备 以最有效的方式组装部件 才能创造出最好的产品

Success in the service economy is dependent on the human element:

服务经济的成功取决于人的因素:

picking the right staff members and motivating them correctly.

挑选合适的员工并正确激励他们

If manufacturing is akin to science, then services are more like the arts.

如果制造业近似于科学,那么服务业更像一门艺术

Motivating people has an extra complexity.

对人的激励有额外的复杂性

Widgets do not know when they are being manipulated.

而小部件的操纵也时机未知

Workers make connections with their colleagues, for social or work reasons, which the

management might not have anticipated.

员工与同事之间会出于社会或工作原因建立联系,而管理层可能对此始料(预期的,预先的)未及。

Marissa King is professor of organisational behaviour at the Yale School of Management,

where she tries to make sense of these networks.

玛丽萨·金是耶鲁大学管理学院的组织行为学教授 ,她一直致力于研究关系网问题

She attempts а classification in her new book, “Social Chemistry: Decoding The Elements of Human Connection”.

她试图在新书《社会化学:解读人际关系要素》中对关系网进行分类

The term “networking” has developed unfortunate connotations,

“人际关系网”这个名词发展出了贬义(不幸的)含义

suggesting the kind of person who sucks up to senior staff and ignores colleagues who are unlikely to help them win promotion.

暗指那种讨好上司忽视不能帮助自己升职的同事的那种人。

Ms King cites a study

金女士引用一项研究:

which found that two-thirds of newly promoted professionals were ambivalent about, or completely resistant to thinking strategically about their social relationships.

有三分之二的新升职的专业人士对战略性地看待自己的社交关系充满矛盾,或者完全抗拒。

From the point of view of productivity, the most important networks are those formed by employees from different parts of the company.

从生产力的角度来看,最重要的关系网是同公司不同部门的员工之间形成(成形的)的网络。

Diverse viewpoints should lead to greater creativity.

不同的观点应该会碰撞出更大的创造力

They are good for workers, too.

这种关系网也有利于员工本身

A study found that catching up with colleagues in different departments was linked to salary growth and employee satisfaction.

一项研究发现,不同部门间的同事竞争与薪资增长和员工满意度有关。

Some employers had the bright idea of encouraging this co-operation by moving to open-plan offices.

一些老板想出了一个聪明的主意,即搬到开放式办公室办公以鼓励不同部门之间的(共同)合作。

But research suggests that workers in open- plan layouts are less productive, less creative and less motivated than those in offices with a traditional, room-based design.

但研究表明,与传统的、隔间式的办公室相比,采用开放式布局会降低员工工作效率、创造力和积极性

The quality of interactions is more important than the quantity.

交际的质量比数量更重要

The pandemic, by forcing many people to toil away at home, has probably corroded some of these co-operative arrangements.

这次疫情迫使许多人在家里办公,可能已经影响了一些合作安排

Ms King says that people tend to construct three types of network.

金女士说,人们倾向于构建三种类型的关系网

“Expansionists” have a wide set of contacts but their relationships tend to be shallow.

“扩张主义者”人脉广(联系人),但关系往往肤浅

“Conveners” have a small number of relationships, but these are more intense.

“召集者”的人脉窄,但关系更为密切

“Brokers” link people from different network types.

“经纪人”会把不同关系网中的人联系起来

本文章来源于《经济学人》